‘Project Smart
English’
Say it Right
Top 10 Punctuation
Mistakes
1. Introductory words, phrases, and clauses are
followed by a comma.
Incorrect: Moreover students are expected to read at least one English
classic every six weeks.
Correct: Moreover, students are expected to read at least one English classic every six weeks.
Correct: Moreover, students are expected to read at least one English classic every six weeks.
Moreover is an
introductory word and should be followed by a comma.
Incorrect: To become fluent readers students must read outside school
hours.
Correct: To become fluent readers, students must read outside school hours.
Correct: To become fluent readers, students must read outside school hours.
“To become fluent
readers” is
an introductory infinitive phrase and should be followed by a comma.
Incorrect: If you want to write well you must be prepared to practice
the craft.
Correct: If you want to write well, you must be prepared to practice the craft.
Correct: If you want to write well, you must be prepared to practice the craft.
“If you want to write
well” is
an introductory clause and should be followed by a comma.
2. Nonessential information is set off with
commas.
Incorrect: Joseph Conrad who was born in Poland began to learn English
in his twenties.
Correct: Joseph Conrad, who was born in Poland, began to learn English in his twenties.
Correct: Joseph Conrad, who was born in Poland, began to learn English in his twenties.
“Who was born in
Poland” is
a clause that provides nonessential information and should be set off by
commas.
3. Essential information does not require commas.
Incorrect: The boys, who vandalized the public gardens, are in police
custody.
Correct: The boys who vandalized the public gardens are in police custody.
Correct: The boys who vandalized the public gardens are in police custody.
“Who vandalized the
public gardens” is essential information because it identifies which boys are
meant. It should not be set off by commas.
4. A comma is placed before a coordinate
conjunction that joins two main clauses.
Incorrect: The cougar moved quickly but the tourist reached the safety
of the cabin.
Correct: The cougar moved quickly, but the tourist reached the safety of the cabin.
Correct: The cougar moved quickly, but the tourist reached the safety of the cabin.
The clauses joined by the conjunction but could
stand alone as complete sentences: “The cougar moved quickly” and “The tourist
reached the safety of the cabin.” A comma is not needed with a compound verb
joined by a coordinate conjunction: “The tourist saw the cougar and ran to the
cabin.”
5. A comma is not strong enough to join two main
clauses. (Comma splice)
Incorrect: Circumstances required the children to live in a homeless
shelter, nevertheless they kept up with their studies.
Correct: Circumstances required the children to live in a homeless shelter; nevertheless they kept up with their studies.
Also Correct: Circumstances required the children to live in a homeless shelter. Nevertheless, they kept up with their studies.
Correct: Circumstances required the children to live in a homeless shelter; nevertheless they kept up with their studies.
Also Correct: Circumstances required the children to live in a homeless shelter. Nevertheless, they kept up with their studies.
6. A comma is not needed before a noun clause in
ordinary narration.
Incorrect: The spelunkers found, that the caves were closed to protect
the bats.
Correct: The spelunkers found that the caves were closed to protect the bats.
Correct: The spelunkers found that the caves were closed to protect the bats.
The noun clause is “the caves were closed to
protect the bats.” The clause functions as the direct object of the verb in the
main clause, found.
7. A comma is needed before a direct quotation.
Incorrect: The wizard said “Pay no attention to that man behind the
curtain.”
Correct: The wizard said, “Pay no attention to that man behind the curtain.”
Correct: The wizard said, “Pay no attention to that man behind the curtain.”
8. Colons should be used after a complete
sentence to introduce a word, phrase, clause, list, or quotation.
Incorrect: Her favorite flowers are: daffodils, roses, and pansies.
Correct: She has three favorite flowers: daffodils, roses, and pansies.
Correct: She has three favorite flowers: daffodils, roses, and pansies.
“Her favorite flowers are” is a sentence
fragment. A complete sentence should precede a colon that introduces a thought
that expands on the meaning of the sentence that precedes it.
9. Main clauses that are not part of a compound
or complex sentence require an end stop. When a period or other end stop is
omitted, the result is a “run-on sentence.”
Incorrect: The rushing waves capsized the boat indifferent gulls wheeled
overhead.
Correct: The rushing waves capsized the boat. Indifferent gulls wheeled overhead.
Correct: The rushing waves capsized the boat. Indifferent gulls wheeled overhead.
The simplest way to correct a run-on sentence is
to put a period at the end of the first clause and capitalize the next one.
10.
Multiple exclamation points don’t belong in mature writing.
Incorrect: Before my astonished eyes, the house sank into the tarn!!!!
Correct: Before my astonished eyes, the house sank into the tarn!
Correct: Before my astonished eyes, the house sank into the tarn!
On the rare occasions that an exclamation mark is
wanted in formal writing, one is sufficient.
Bonus: Quotation marks
should not be used for mere emphasis.
Incorrect: Our staff is required to take three “safety” courses every
year.
Correct: Our staff is required to take three safety courses every year.
Correct: Our staff is required to take three safety courses every year.
In most contexts, placing quotation marks around a word suggests
that the word is being used with a meaning other than the obvious one. Writers
who enclose words in quotation marks merely for emphasis risk annoying their
readers. No one likes to waste time trying to discern a hidden meaning where
there is none.
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